Bamboo And CocoDog Training for the Rest of Us

William Kritsonis, PhD on schooling

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO AMERICAN STUDIES

KEY POINTS

1. Public education is the biggest employer in this country.
2. Some of these reforms, following reports criticism in the early 1980s, have been successful while others failed.
3. The majority of the people believe that schools have remained the same or worsened over the past five years.
4. The goals of the school today go far beyond the original aims of the religious and academic.
5. The theory of melting pot has never been fully exploited; many different cultural groups to maintain separate identities and are represented in public schools.
6. To improve the quality teachers, many states have undertaken reforms, including skills tests, better salaries, merit pay, incentives, incentives for merit pay, and tougher entrance requirements in teacher education programs.
7. Conservative groups have played a major role in the movement of educational reform in the 1980s.
8. Changing enrollments continue to create problems in the planning of public education.
   1. The general outlook for the future of public education is excellent.

CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION AMERICAN SCHOOL

 

A. OVERVIEW

Chapter 1 presents information regarding the status of public education in this country. Specific content emphasizes the importance of education, current trends, schools are effective, and future possibilities in programs in public schools.

B. Key Terms DEFINITIONS

A AT national risk – this report published in 1983 by a government commission called for sweeping reforms.

LIABILITY – The liability related to the quality of educational programs.

AFT – American Federation of Teachers, a leading teachers' union. The AFT has more than 825,000 members.

Bilingual education – A component of multicultural education that focuses on attempts to teach English skills for non-English speakers. Students learn in their native language until they become proficient enough in English to receive the majority of teaching in English. In some cases, teaching the mother tongue of the child receives equal attention with the English.

CONSERVATIVE MOVEMENT – Calls for a return to the basic objective of public schools such as:

a. Back to emphasize the basic core academic subjects;

1. a de-emphasis on extracurricular activities;
2. emphasis on moral education;
3. Inclusion of prayer in school;
4. greater control of the process of family education.

Relations Reviews – the most critical report was a nation at risk issued in 1983 by the National Commission of Excellence in education.

CULTURAL PLURALISM – Americanization pluralistic reject traditional function of school public because it resulted in assimilation and acculturation into the white, the reason for the middle class American society, an awareness the melting pot theory of American culture had not taken place and probably would not occur.

Reforming – A back-to-the basics-reform movement began in the 1970s. Many believe that the core curriculum should have placed more emphasis.

Declining enrollment – number of staff have a major effect on the education system:

1. affect funding State;
2. an impact on the number of teachers needed;
3. change the size of classes;
4. causing redrawing of school boundaries;
5. changing needs of the school plant.

On Education home – a conservative movement by parents to educate their children strictly at home or in a small group.

MELTING POT – the theory that people of all cultures form a common bond.

MERIT PAY – a plan to provide extra pay for superior performance by teachers.

Multicultural education – A concept based on a fundamental belief that everyone should be respected, regardless of age, race, gender, economic class, religion, nationalism, physical or mental; innovative ways to address the education of minorities.

NEA – National Education Association, one of the two main teachers' unions: NEA is the largest and most powerful of the two, with 2.2 million members across National.

New Right – a coalition that includes traditional conservative groups and some fundamentalist religious groups who advocate extreme views.

PUBLIC EDUCATION – free, government-supported schools open to all children. Note: children who reside abroad and children of illegal immigrants are allowed to attend public schools United States.

Reports on reform – critical reports issued in the 70s and 80s by groups of educational reform listed numerous solutions to the problems faced by public education.

School districts – A division of public school programs in the state.

TAX REFORM – a reform movement tax that finances the tax increase for education reform.

Three Rs "- the reading, writing and arithmetic.

Total number of school districts in America

State

Total number of districts

State

Total number of districts

50 States and DC

14,367

Missouri

525

Alabama

127

Montana

465

Alaska

55

Nebraska

653

Arizona

214

Nevada

17

Arkansas

311

NH

164

California

999

NJ

582

Colorado

176

New Mexico

89

Connecticut

166

New York

709

Delaware

19

NC

119

District of Columbia

1

North Dakota

234

Florida

67

Ohio

611

Georgia

180

Oklahoma

548

Hawaii

1

Oregon

233

Idaho

112

Pennsylvania

500

Illinois

905

Rhode Island

36

Indiana

292

SC

95

Iowa

383

South Dakota

173

Kansas

304

Tennessee

138

Kentucky

176

Texas

1044

Louisiana

66

Utah

40

Maine

228

Vermont

251

Maryland

24

Virginia

132

Massachusetts

248

Washington

296

Michigan

593

West Virginia

55

Minnesota

383

Wisconsin

426

Mississippi

153

Wyoming

49

Source:     U.S. National Education Center for Education. Statistics (1999). Core Data Department, National Survey on public education. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. Adapted with permission.

PREDICTION OF EDUCATION SNAPSHOT STATISTICS
(Estimates 2002/2003)

1. enrollment in public schools, K-12, increased between 1985-2002.
2. private school enrollment has changed little over the last decade.
3. Approximately 11% or about 6 million students attend private elementary and secondary schools.
4. Primary and secondary education will continue to increase.
5. Pre-kindergarten and kindergarten registration of 3-5 years has increased by about 30% between 1990-2002. The inclusion of 5-year period in the kindergarten has changed little since 1990.
6. The enrollment rate of 5 – to 17 years remained stable since 1990, about 96%.
7. Virtually all children of primary school age are enrolled in school.
8. The proportion of minority students in public elementary and secondary schools increased between 1990 and 2002. Meanwhile, the proportion of Hispanics in public elementary and secondary schools increased at a rate faster than the proportion of African-Americans.
9. In 1976-77, 8% of children have been educated in programs for people disabilities compared to 14% in 2002.
10. The proportion of 18 – and 19-year-olds attending high school or college is about 63%.
11. The proportion of 20 – to 21 attending secondary school or college is about 45%.
12. college enrollment total has grown steadily since 1990. Much of this growth can be attributed to the increase in the number of women over 24 years attending college.
13. Projections indicate that from 2002 to 2010, there will be a 18% growth in the number of persons 25 years of age university.
14. Projected enrollment of persons over 25 years in college will be stable from 2002-2010.
15. The proportion of American students who are minorities has increased. In 2002, approximately 27% are minorities.
16. Graduate enrollment School student has been increasing. In 2002, enrollment increased by about 20% higher.
17. Number women in higher education has exceeded the number of men.
18. The number of male full-time students graduate increased by 22%.
19. The number of elementary and secondary teachers has increased by about 25%.
20. The ratio of students by public school teachers is estimated at about 17 students per teacher.
21. The ratio of students per teacher is considered private about 15 students per teacher.
22. The average salary of teachers in public schools has remained stable over the last 10 years, reaching $ 39,485.00.
23. The teachers in public elementary and secondary schools includes women 74% and 88% non-Hispanic.
24. Approximately 66% of teachers have less than 10 years full time teaching experience.
25. The proportion of secondary school graduates who have completed college program Complete preparation recommended by the Commission on Excellence was about 30%.
26. The number of high school graduates totaled about 2.8 million. Approximately 2.5 million graduates of public schools and about 300,000 graduates from private schools.
27. Many students complete high school through alternative programs, such as night schools and the educational development (GED) program.
28. About 84% of all 25 – to 29 have completed high school or equivalent.
29. The school dropout rate has declined over the past 20 years. The difference in dropout rates between races has declined. The dropout rate among Hispanics remains high at 30%, compared to 8% for Caucasians and African-Americans.
30. Approximately 90 million adults, or about 21% of the adult population of the United States occur at the lowest literacy levels.
31. Adults with levels higher tuition levels prose.
32. Adults aged 19-54 have higher average literacy completion of 55 years and older.
33. The differences in literacy between younger and older adults may be due to increase educational attainment among young adults.
34. Americans are becoming more educated. In the past 30 years, the graduation rate of adult population has increased 54% to 84%. During the same period, the proportion of adults with at least four years of college increased from 11% to 25%.
35. The number of degrees awarded by institutions of higher education is estimated at 564,000 associate degrees, bachelor 1,176,000; 390,000 master degrees, 78,000 first professional degrees and 44,000 degrees doctor. Women earn the majority of degrees at the associate, bachelor, and master's levels.
36. Expenditures for public education and private, preschool through graduate school, are estimated at about 621 million.
37. The expenses of elementary and secondary should total about 775 billion U.S. dollars, while institutions of higher education will spend about 250 billion dollars.
38. The total expenditure for education should be approximately 7.5% of gross domestic product.
39. The share of state revenue for financing public elementary and secondary schools increased during most of the 1980s, but in 1987 the trend began to reverse.

Between 1986-87 and 1993-94, the local share of school funding has increased while the proportion of state government has declined.

In 2002, a larger proportion moved back to the states that 47.5% of revenues come from state sources, 45.9% came from local sources, and 6.6% from the federal government.

1. The estimated current expenditure per pupil in average daily attendance is approximately $ 6951.00. After adjusting for inflation, this represents an increase of 15% since 1988-89.
2. Private colleges are heavily dependent on tuition for revenue, receiving 43% of tuition.
3. Public colleges and universities receive about 40% of state revenues and local governments.
4. Expenditure per student in higher education institutions in the 1990s has been slow growth.
5. After adjusting for inflation, current expenditures of funds education Higher per student has increased by about 16% between 1980-1981 and 1988-89, but increased only 8% between 1992-2002.
6. Annual Fee undergraduate tuition, room and board are estimated at $ 8218.00 at public four-year colleges and $ 19,980.00 in private four-year colleges.
7. On a per student, adjusted for inflation, spending on grants and scholarships has increased by about 85% in public universities between 1986-2002, compared to 9% for education spending.
8. On a per-pupil expenditure on grants and scholarships has increased by about 68% in private universities between 1986-2002.
9. Research expenditures in public institutions of higher education has increased by 31% per student in public universities and 36% at other public colleges four years.
10. Students at private colleges are more likely to receive aid than students in public colleges.
11. College students receive financial assistance through a variety of programs, 56% receive some federal assistance, and 11% participate in work-study programs.
12. Private colleges provide assistance from domestic sources to more than half of their Undergraduate full-time.
13. For all undergraduate full-time students of public and private colleges, the student package through aid from all sources totaled approximately $ 6932.00 in 2002.
14. Federal support for education was important between fiscal years 1965-2002. Large increases occurred between 1965 and 1975. After a period of relative stability between 1975-80, federal funding for education has declined by about 16% between 1980 and 1985. From 1990-2002, federal funding for education has increased by 29%.

Note: Most information is available in the United States Department of Education. (1999). Mini-Series for Education Statistics. Washington DC: National Center for Education Statistics (NCE).

 

C. SOME THOUGHTS BACK

1. How many students are served in public education United States?

Fifty-four million students for the academic year 2002/03, approximately 6 million students in private schools, about 40 million euros for the year '88-'87 school 15,713 school districts in 1985 was the first year in 14 years where there was an increase in staff, an additional 5.6 million students in private schools.

1. What were the main criticisms in the reports on education in the 80s?
   1. Major portions of the population are illiterate functional, as are many of our 17 years.
   2. Science and mathematics participation has declined as science and math scores.
   3. Over 40% of our secondary school students were in a general rather than a college preparatory one.
   4. Students in this country spend less time in school and less time studying than in most other industrialized countries.
   5. The teachers came from the bottom of their graduating classes, both high school and college, partly because the salary was $ 17,000 on average a teacher with 12 years experience.

3. What is the status of reforms in early 80s?

The very large and growing of dollars spent on education have not yet given results our children deserve.

1. What is the purpose of public education?

The initial goal was to learn students to read well enough to be able to understand their reading of the Bible. It has evolved to teaching the three "R" reading, writing and arithmetic. Now, we expect our schools to teach everything from basic R to include civic, professional, personal artistic statement and goal accomplishment.

5. What purpose is playing the conservative movement in public education?

The New Right believes that our schools have got away from their goals and traditional values. They are pushing for

1. reduction or elimination extra-curricular activities (All);
2. more academic emphasis;
3. emphasis on moral education;
4. restoring school prayer;
5. family control over the educational process. They are trying to draft legislation that States can all copy. They want to promote creationism, to censor textbooks and library books, to promote the interests of "Christian" schools at the end of unions and their influence, and to fight against "secular humanism."

Some Christian values promoted in the program include the conservative movement:

1. promoting two-parent families with the father and mother work at home;
2. Sexual abstinence before marriage;
3. abstinence from tobacco, alcohol and drugs;
4. immorality modes gay and lesbian;
5. banning abortion
6. patriotism;
7. obedience and respect for authority;
8. politeness
9. courtesy;
10. honesty;
11. prayer
12. humility
13. respect for God.
14. What has been and is becoming, the federal role in public education?

The federal government's role was that of a watchdog and a guide dog combined. It should ensure that schools in all regions of the country were properly managed and adequately funded. The real failure has been in the short-term "adequate" realization.

1. What is multicultural education?

It began as a movement to promote racial equality and harmony. Americanization means to blend in or with the dominant white middle class. Correction of errors of omission, stereotypes and misinformation, and the dissemination of information, has been replaced / absorbed by multicultural education. Now, the goal is to assimilate reliable cultural pluralism in the overall program, a concept based on a fundamental belief that "everyone must be respected, regardless of age, race, gender, economic class, religion, physical, ethnic origin or mental capacity. "

8. What are teachers' organizations have an influence in education?

NEA – National Association of Educators

AFT – American Federation of Teachers

Several leading experts believe these organizations are losing their authority and influence. Many people believe that strong unions are an obstacle to education reform. They have enormous budgets lobbying.

9. What are the characteristics of effective schools?

1. Strong administrative leadership that includes main
   1. with a clear vision on the desired direction of the school;
   2. have a commitment to improving education;
   3. encourage participatory decision-making;
   4. service as a buffer for teachers so they can devote the maximum time working with students.
   5. Safe and orderly environment that includes:
      1. working conditions that support teachers' efforts to solve specific problems of their students;
      2. environment conducive to teaching and learning.
      3. Focus on education in basic skills including:
         1. school with a commitment to basic skills educational objectives;
         2. basic skills are the foundation of the reasoning ability of higher order.
         3. the Teacher expectations of students include:
            1. establishing high performance standards for students;
            2. providing specific instructions and are sensitive to individual differences;
            3. using clear and appropriate rewards to recognize the work students.
            4. Monitoring and reporting of student results, including:
               1. using systematic methods to assess student progress;
               2. alignment of curriculum in all subjects and grades;
               3. match programs, desired outcomes, and evaluation activities.
               4. resources to meet the objectives are including:
                  1. provision of sufficient staff and materials to schools;
                  2. providing sufficient time for Training staff development planning, and adapting innovations;
                  3. offering opportunities for professional growth.
                  4. School culture, including:
                     1. Positive human interaction among students and teachers;
                     2. continued growth and development of students and teachers;
                     3. the state of the art practices and strategies for teaching and learning.

D. Discussion Questions AND EXERCISES

1. Listing some of the criticism presented in a Nation at Risk.

1. 23 million American adults are functionally illiterate;
2. 13% of 17 years and 48% of the minority 17-year-olds are functionally illiterate;
3. Sat scores decreased from '63 to '80;
4. science achievement scores of 17-year-old fell in '69, '73, '75 and;
5. remedial classes in mathematics at the university have increased 72% of 75 to '80;
6. number of students in mainstream programs in secondary schools has increased to 42%;
7. 31% of high school graduates completed intermediate algebra;
8. 25% of credits earned by high school students generally track were in PE, health, remedial math, English and work outside of school;
9. students in other industrialized countries spend more time on science and mathematics;
10. 20% of all universities in four years has had to accept all students in public high schools;
11. 50% or more credits for graduation may be the choice in 13 states;
12. American students spend less time in school than many other industrialized countries;

Mr. school grounds specified only 22 hours of instruction per week;

1. Too many teachers from the bottom of the class of secondary and back of the class of colleges;
2. average salary of teachers with 12 years experience was $ 17,000.

2. What is the status of the reform Education launched early 1980?

1. SAT and ACT scores either declined or remained stable;
2. minority students have increased their scores;
3. graduation rates declined between '85 and 86;
4. average earnings teachers has increased by 38%;
5. The average expenditure per pupil has increased by 50%;
6. twelve states up skills minimum tests for grade promotion and twenty-four other states to implement planned minimum competency tests.

3. What is the size of public education in the United States?

Public education in the United States is a big deal. Some of the importance of school districts and regulatory agencies must be removed from the business end of things and focus on the end of education things. Some 54 million students are directly affected, as well as teachers and administrators. Providers, knowing they have a market captive, are allowed to gouge schools on a regular basis, as they do other government entities. Our schools deserve treatment fair.

4. What effect does the entries are down on schools?

1. affects public funding;
2. impact on the number of teachers needed;
3. changes the size of classes;
4. causes a redistribution of school boundaries;
5. plant needs change schools, buildings and grounds.

On education programs are affected. The most affected areas are language arts, humanities, science, fine arts and foreign languages. The result is a course offering less and less professional positions in these areas.

5. What is the federal role in education?

Reagan From Home White began to return the responsibility of states and localities. Consequently, federal spending on education has been reduced.

Again, the federal role was that of a guard dog and guide dog combined. He intended to ensure that schools in all regions of the country have worked well and were adequately funded. The real failure has been in the short-term "adequate" achievement. President George W. Bush plans to launch many education reforms during the 2000s.

6. What are the estimates for enrollment in 2002/2003?

United States:

1. over 25% of the population are students or employed by schools or colleges;
2. some 250 million people there:

1 … 54.5 million students in public elementary and secondary schools;

2. . 14.3 million students in higher education;

3 … 3.6 million teachers and teachers;

4. . 3.9 million non-teaching staff;

5 … 68.1 million total participants.

1. There are approximately 14,367 school systems;
2. There are over 27,000 private schools elementary and secondary schools;
3. There are over 3,500 colleges and universities;
4. There are over 83,425 primary and secondary schools;
5. There are over 26,807 private elementary and secondary schools;
6. where more than 2,127 colleges and four-year colleges 1408 two years;
7. There are over 1532 private college education of four years and more than 440 private colleges of education two years;
8. 28% of students in primary and secondary schools are African American or Hispanic, while 17% of students are African American or Hispanic;
9. There are approximately 2,744,000 primary and secondary schools, which serve approximately 2,391,000 in public schools and 353 000 used in private schools;
10. the average salary of an experienced teacher is $ 39,385, for a beginning teacher $ 28,515;

Mr. 30% of teachers are men, approximately 70% are women;

1. the dropout rate among African Americans 16-24 years old has dropped 28% in 1992 to 13% in 2002 for the 16 – to 24 years was 12% in 2002, down 15% in 1992;
2. in 2002 (people between the ages of 25 and 29) – about 85.8 million people graduated from high school (GED includes equivalency certificates, etc.); 23.6 million people had achieved four years or more of college;
3. in 2002 (Persons aged 25 and over) – or about 80.1 million people graduated school (GED includes equivalency certificates, etc.) had reached 21.5 million over four years of college;
4. educational attainment of the adult population has increased since 1940, the level of education among young adults (ages 25-29) did not significantly increased since 1980;
5. In 2002, approximately 446,000 people earned Associate of Arts, Associate of Science degrees, approximately 1,044,000 persons received BA, BSc, about 320,000 people earned master of arts degree, a Master of Science, about 39,000 people earned doctor of philosophy degrees, about 72,000 people received first-professional degrees: chiropractic, dentistry, law, medicine, optometry, osteopathy, pharmacy, podiatry, theology, and degrees in veterinary medicine.

Note: Most of the information provided here is available at the U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), Digest of Educational Statistics, 1999.

 

Review items E.

True / False

1. Public education in the United States has been taken for granted for many years.
2. All professionals agree with the Nation at Risk report.
3. Multicultural education began in the early 1980s.
4. The reforms during the 1980s have all been very successful.
5. The development of new technologies has not had a major impact on education.
6. The tax revolt of the late 1970s was a continuation of the trend since the mid-1960s.

Multiple Choice

1. Recent criticism of public education began in the _______.
2. a. B. Late 1960s C. late 1970s Early 1980s d. Early 1970s
3. _______ Some students are served in public schools.
4. a. B. 25 million C. 30 million D. 75 million 54 million
5. The conservative movement advocating extreme views is _______.
6. a. b. Conservative pool New Law C. extreme right
   d. conservative coalition e. Traffic Monitoring
7. The proposed tax reform law passed in Massachusetts in 1980 was _______.
8. a. Proposal 13 b. Proposition 2 ½ tsp Proposal 191
   d. entrenchment
9. The number of schools using computers has increased 16% in 1982 ______% 1988.
10. a. B. 25% 50% vs. D. 70% E. 90% 97%

About the Author

Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus

In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”

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